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''Note the different y-axis for total (left) and regional curves (right)'' US Energy Use/Flow in 2011 Energy flow charts show the relative size of primary energy resources and end uses in the United States, with fuels compared on a common energy unit basis (2011: 97.3 quads).〔Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory–(Energy flow chart ), 2011〕 |} Energy development〔The Federal nonnuclear energy research and development act (Public Law 93-577) section 11, environmental evaluation: report to the President and Congress. By United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology.〕〔The Social impacts of energy development on national parks: final report By United States National Park Service, University of Denver. Center for Community Change. The National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1984.〕〔Assessment of Energy Resource Development Impact on Water Quality, Volume 1. By Susan M. Melancon, Terry S. Michaud, Robert William Thomas. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, 1979.〕 is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient primary energy sources〔Resources for the twenty-first century: proceedings of the international centennial symposium of the United States Geological Survey, held at Reston, Virginia, October 14–19, 1979 . By Frank C. Whitmore, Mary Ellen Williams, U.S. Geological Survey.〕 and secondary energy forms to meet the needs of society.〔The Homeowner's Guide to Renewable Energy: Achieving Energy Independence. By Dan Chiras. New Society Publishers, July 5, 2011.〕〔Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Development. By Narendra Singh Rathore, N. L. Panwar. New India Publishing, January 1, 2007〕〔Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2011.〕〔Solar Energy and Nonfossil Fuel Research. By United States. Cooperative State Research Service, Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. The Department, 1981.〕〔Final Report of the Task Force on the Availability of Federally Owned Mineral Lands, Volumes 1-2. By United States. Task Force on the Availability of Federally Owned Mineral Lands.〕 These endeavors encompass those which provide for the production of conventional, alternative and renewable sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation〔See also: Fuel efficiency and Energy efficiency in transportation〕 and efficiency measures〔See also: Energy conversion efficiency〕 reduce the impact of energy development, and can have benefits to society with changes in economic cost and with changes in the environmental effects. Contemporary industrial societies use primary and secondary energy sources for transportation and the production of many manufactured goods. Also, large industrial populations have various generation and delivery services for energy distribution and end-user utilization.〔For small-scale generation, see: Microgeneration.〕 This energy is used by people who can afford the cost to live under various climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, along with the convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution sources〔Hydrocarbon Bioremediation, Volume 2 edited by Robert E. Hinchee〕 and availability of domestic energy sources. Thousands of people in society are employed in the energy industry, of which subjectively influence and impact behaviors. The conventional industry comprises the petroleum industry〔Including oil companies, petroleum refiners, fuel transport and end-user sales at gas stations〕 the gas industry,〔Including natural gas extraction, and coal gas manufacture, as well as distribution and sales〕 the electrical power industry〔Including electricity generation, electric power distribution and sales〕 the coal industry, and the nuclear power industry. New energy industries include the renewable energy industry, comprising alternative and sustainable manufacture, distribution, and sale of alternative fuels. While there is the development of new hydrocarbon sources,〔Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Resources: New Solutions in Energy Supply : Overview 1995-1998. By European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy DG XVII, 1999.〕 including deepwater/horizontal drilling and fracking, are contentiously underway, commitments to mitigate climate change are driving efforts to develop sources of alternative and renewable energy. == Types of energy == Colloquially, and in non-scientific literature, the terms power,〔Such as the physical jargon of "power", can be seen in the following: *Electric power transfer rate at which electrical energy is by a circuit *Human power performed by a human *Motive power to create motion *Power in an alternating current electric circuit *Transmitter output power *Effective radiated power measurement *Power spectral density signal〕 fuels, and energy can be used as synonyms, but in the field of energy technology they possess different distinct meanings that are associated with them. An energy source is usually in the form of a closed system, the element that provides the energy by conversion from another energy form; However, the energy can be quantitative, the balance sheet is capable of containing open system energy transfers.〔See: thermodynamics open system〕 Illustrative of this can be the emanations from the sun, which with its nuclear fusion is the ''most important'' energy source for the Earth〔Providing the day and the habitable zone the Earth is in.〕 and which provides its energy in the form of radiation. The natural elements〔See also: Matter and Energy〕 of the material world exist in forms that can be converted into usable energy and are resources from which society can obtain energy to produce heat, light, and motion (among the many uses). According to their nature, the power plants can be classified into: * ''Primary'' : They are found in nature: ''wind'', ''water'', ''solar'',〔Or those pertaining to the cosmos.〕 ''wood'', ''coal'', ''oil'', ''nuclear''. * ''Secondary'' : Are those obtained from primary energy sources: ''electricity'', ''gas''. Classified according to the energy reserves of the energy source used and the regeneration capacity with: * ''renewable'': When the energy source used is freely regenerated in a short period and there are practically limitless reserves; An example is the solar energy that is the source of energy from the ''sun'', or the ''wind''〔See also: velocity of wind〕 used as an energy resource. Renewable energies are: * * original ''solar'' * * natural ''wind'' (atmospheric flows) * * natural ''geothermal'' * * oceanic ''tidal'' * * natural ''waterfall'' (hydraulic flows) * * natural ''plant'': paper, wood * * natural ''animal'': wax, grease,〔petroleum products (fats), Hydrogenated vegetable oil (vegetable shortening), Brown grease, and Yellow grease〕 pack animals and sources of mechanical energy〔human, donkey, mule, elephant.〕 * ''nonrenewable'': They are coming from energy limited sources on Earth in quantity and, therefore, are exhaustible. The non-renewable energy sources include, non-exclusively: * *''fossil'' source: petroleum, natural gas, coal * * original ''mineral/chemical'': uranium, shale gas〔from shale slate〕 So, for example, shale gas is secondary non-renewable. Wind is a primary renewable. The principle stated by Antoine Lavoisier on the conservation of matter applies to energy development:〔Or, moreover, the mass and energy coupling, as Albert Einstein states in the equivalence between these two concepts in his formula, .〕 "nothing is created." Thus any energy "production" is actually a recovery transformation of the forms of energy whose origin is that of the universe. For example, a bicycle dynamo turns in part from the kinetic energy (speed energy) of the movement of the cyclist and converting it into electrical energy will transfer in particular to its lights producing light, that is to say light energy, via the heating of the filament of the bulb and therefore heat (thermal energy). But the kinetic energy of the rider is itself biochemical energy (the ATP muscle cells) derived from the chemical energy of sugars synthesized by plants who use light energy from the sun, which runs from the nuclear energy produced by fusion of atoms of hydrogen. This material itself constitutes a form of energy, called "mass energy." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Energy development」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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